References - Chapter 8
(1) Ahonen P, Myllarniemi S, Sipila I, Perheentupa J. Clinical variation of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy - candidiasis - ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) in a series of 68 patients. N Engl J Med 1990; 322(26):1829-1836.
(2) Schmidt MB. Eine biglandulare Erkrankung (Nebennieren und Schilddruse) bei Morbus Addisonii. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 1926; 21:212-221.
(3) Nerup J. Addison's disease - clinical studies: A report of 108 cases. Acta Endocrinol 1974; 76:127-141.
(4) Patel DD. Escape from tolerance in the human X-linked autoimmunity-allergic disregulation syndrome and the Scurfy mouse. J Clin Invest 2001; 107(2):155-157.
(5) Flier JS, Kahn CR, Roth J, Bar RS. Antibodies that impair insulin receptor binding in an unusual diabetic syndrome with severe insulin resistance. Science 1975; 190:63-65.
(6) Flier JS, Bar RS, Muggeo M, Kahn CR, Roth J, Gorden P. The evolving clinical course of patients with insulin receptor autoantibodies: Spontaneous remission or receptor proliferation with hypoglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978; 47:985-995.
(7) Souadjian JV, Enriquez P, Silverstein MN, Pepin J-M. The spectrum of diseases associated with thymoma. Arch Intern Med 1974; 134:374-379.
(8) Combs RM. Malignant thymoma, hyperthyroidism and immune disorder. South Med J 1968; 61:337-341.
(9) Maggi G, Casadio C, Cavallo A, Cianci R, Molinatti M, Ruffini E. Thymoma: results of 241 operated cases. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51:152-156.
(10) Hirata Y, Ishizu H, Ouchi N, Motumura S, Abe M, Hara Y et al. Insulin autoimmunity in a case with spontaneous hypoglycaemia. Japan J Diabetes 1970; 13:312-319.
(11) Uchigata Y, Hirata Y. Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome (IAS, Hirata Disease). In: Eisenbarth G, editor. Molecular Mechanisms of Endocrine and Organ Specific Autoimmunity. Austin, Texas: R.G.Landes, 1999: 133-148.
(12) Imawari M, Akatsuka N, Ishibashi M, Beppu H, Suzuki H, Yoshitoshi Y. Syndrome of plasma cell dyscrasia, polyneuropathy, and endocrine disturbances. Ann Intern Med 1974; 81:490-493.
(13) Miralles GD, O'Fallon JR, Talley NJ. Plasma-cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy: the spectrum of POEMS syndrome. N Engl J Med 1992; 327(27):1919-1923.
(14) Eisenbarth GS, Wilson P, Ward F, Lebovitz HE. HLA type and occurrence of disease in familial polyglandular failure. N Engl J Med 1978; 298(2):92-94.
(15) Ekwall O, Sjoberg K, Mirakian R, Rorsman F, Kampe O. Tryptophan hydroxylase autoantibodies and intestinal disease in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 [letter]. Lancet 1999; 354(9178):568.
(16) Garty BZ, Kauli R. Alopecia universalis in autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I. West J Med 1990; 152:76-77.
(17) Ahonen P, Miettinen A, Perheentupa J. Adrenal and steroidal cell antibodies in patients with autoimmune polyglandular disease type I and risk of adrenocortical and ovarian failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64(3):494-500.
(18) Mandel M, Etzioni A, Theodor R, Passwell JH. Pure red cell hypoplasia associated with polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type I. Isr J Med Sci 1989; 25:138-141.
(19) Hara T, Mizuno Y, Nagata M, Okabe Y, Taniguchi S, Harada M et al. Human gamma delta T-cell receptor-positive cell-mediated inhibition of erythropoiesis in vitro in a patient with type I autoimmune polyglandular syndrome and pure red blood cell aplasia. Blood 1990; 75:941-950.
(20) Friedman TC, Thomas PM, Fleisher TA, Feuillan P, Parker RI, Cassorla F et al. Frequent occurrence of asplenism and cholelithiasis in patients with autoimmune polyglandular disease type I. Am J Med 1991; 91:625-630.
(21) Hogenauer C, Meyer RL, Netto GJ, Bell D, Little KH, Ferries L et al. Malabsorption due to cholecystokinin deficiency in a patient with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I. N Engl J Med 2001; 344(4):270-274.
(22) Gianani R, Eisenbarth GS. Autoimmunity to gastrointestinal endocrine cells in Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type I. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88(4):1442-1444.
(23) Kumar PG, Laloraya M, She JX. Population genetics and functions of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE). Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2002; 31(2):321-38, vi.
(24) Aaltonen J, Björses P, Sandkuijl L, Perheentupa J, Peltonen L. An autosomal locus causing autoimmune disease: autoimmune polyglandular disease type I assigned to chromosome 21. Nat Genet 1994; 8(1):83-87.
(25) Aaltonen J, Björses P, Perheentupa J, Horelli-Kuitunen N, Palotie A, Peltonen L et al. An autoimmune disease, APECED, caused by mutations in a novel gene featuring two PHD-type zinc-finger domains. Nat Genet 1997; 17(4):399-403.
(26) Myhre AG, Halonen M, Eskelin P, Ekwall O, Hedstrand H, Rorsman F et al. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS I) in Norway. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001; 54(2):211-217.
(27) Cavadini P, Vermi W, Facchetti F, Fontana S, Nagafuchi S, Mazzolari E et al. AIRE deficiency in thymus of 2 patients with Omenn syndrome. J Clin Invest 2005; 115(3):728-732.
(28) Halonen M, Eskelin P, Myhre AG, Perheentupa J, Husebye ES, Kampe O et al. AIRE Mutations and Human Leukocyte Antigen Genotypes as Determinants of the Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy Phenotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87(6):2568-2574.
(29) Ramsey C, Winqvist O, Puhakka L, Halonen M, Moro A, Kampe O et al. Aire deficient mice develop multiple features of APECED phenotype and show altered immune response. Hum Mol Genet 2002; 11(4):397-409.
(30) Anderson MS, Venanzi ES, Klein L, Chen Z, Berzins S, Turley SJ et al. Projection of an Immunological Self-Shadow Within the Thymus by the Aire Protein. Science 2002; 298(5597):1395-1401.
(31) Anderson MS, Venanzi ES, Klein L, Chen Z, Berzins S, Turley SJ et al. Projection of an Immunological Self-Shadow Within the Thymus by the Aire Protein. Science 2002; 298(5597):1395-1401.
(32) Perheentupa J, Miettinen A. Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy. In: Eisenbarth GS, editor. Endocrine and Organ Specific Autoimmunity. Austin: R.G. Landes Company, 1999: 19-40.
(33) De Bellis A, Bizzarro A, Rossi R, Amoresano Paglionico V, Criscuolo T, Lombardi G et al. Remission of subclinical adrenocortical failure in subjects with adrenal autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76:1002-1007.
(34) Clemente MG, Obermayer-Straub P, Meloni A, Strassburg CP, Arangino V, Tukey RH et al. Cytochrome P450 1A2 is a hepatic autoantigen in autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82(5):1353-1361.
(35) Radetti G, Paganini C, Gentili L, Bernasconi S, Beterle C, Borkenstein M et al. Frequency of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 1995; 32:121-124.
(36) Landin-Olsson M, Karlsson FA, Lernmark Å, Sundkvist G, and the Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden Group. Islet cell and thyrogastric antibodies in 633 consecutive 15- to 34-yr-old patients in the diabetes incidence study in Sweden. diab 1992; 41:1022-1027.
(37) Fairfax AJ, Leatham A. Idiopathic heart block: association with vitiligo, thyroid disease, pernicious anemia, and diabetes mellitus. BMJ 1975; 4(5992):322-324.
(38) Davis RE, VcCann VJ, Stanton KG. Type 1 diabetes and latent pernicious anaemia. Med J Aust 1992; 156(3):160-162.
(39) Peserico A, Rigon F, Semsenzato G, Caretto A, Pasini CV, Betterle C. Vitiligo and polyglandular autoimmune disease with autoantibodies to melanin-producing cells. A new syndrome? Arch Dermatol 1981; 117(11):751-752.
(40) Betterle C, Caretto A, Pedini B, Rigon F, Bertoli P, Peserico A. Complement-fixing activity to melanin-producing cells preceding the onset of vitiligo in a patient with type I polyglandular failure. Arch Dermatol 1995; 128:123-124.
(41) Torrelo A, España A, Balsa J, Ledo A. Vitiligo and polyglandular autoimmune syndrome with selective IgA deficiency. Int J Dermatol 1992; 31(5):343-344.
(42) Stankler L, Bewsher PD. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis endocrine deficiency and alopecia areata. Br J Dermatol 1972; 86(3):238-245.
(43) Hedstrand H, Perheentupa J, Ekwall O, Gustafsson J, Michaelsson G, Husebye E et al. Antibodies against hair follicles are associated with alopecia totalis in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113(6):1054-1058.
(44) Bosch EP, Reith PE, Granner DK. Myasthenia gravis and Schmidt syndrome. Semin Neurol 1994; 27:1179-1180.
(45) Marino M, Ricciardi R, Pinchera A, Barbesino G, Manetti L, Chiovato L et al. Mild clinical expression of myasthenia gravis associated with autoimmune thyroid diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82(2):438-443.
(46) Collin P, Salmi J, Hällström O, Reunala T, Pasternack A. Autoimmune thyroid disorders and coeliac disease. Eur J Endocrinol 1994; 130:137-140.
(47) Reijonen H, Ilonen J, Knip M, Reunala T. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus associated with dermatitis herpetiformis: evidence for heterogeneity of HLA-associated genes. Tissue Antigens 1991; 37:94-96.
(48) Reunala T, Salmi J, Karvonen J. Dermatitis herpetiformis and celiac disease associated with Addison's disease. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123:930-932.
(49) Tucker WSJr, Niblack GD, McLean RH, Alspaugh MA, Wyatt RJ, Jordan SC et al. Serositis with autoimmune endocrinopathy: clinical and immunogenetic features. Medicine 1987; 66(2):138-147.
(50) Merenmies L, Tarkkanen A. Chronic bilateral keratitis in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiadis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). A long-term follow-up and visual prognosis [In Process Citation]. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2000; 78(5):532-535.
(51) Turkington RW, Lebovitz HE. Extra-adrenal endocrine deficiencies in Addison's disease. Am J Med 1967; 43:499-507.
(52) Solimena M, Folli F, Aparisi R, Pozza G, De Camilli P. Autoantibodies to GABA-ergic neurons and pancreatic beta cells in stiff-man syndrome. N Engl J Med 1990; 322(22):1555-1560.
(53) Selinger S, Tsai J, Pulini M, Saperstein A, Taylor S. Autoimmune thrombocytopenia and primary billary cirrhosis with hypoglycemia and insulin receptor autoantibodies. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107:686-688.
(54) Rhim SH, Millar SE, Robey F, Luo AM, Lou YH, Yule T et al. Autoimmune disease of the ovary induced by a ZP3 peptide from the mouse zona pellucida. J Clin Invest 1992; 89:28-35.
(55) Muir A, Maclaren NK. Autoimmune diseases of the adrenal glands, parathyroid glands, gonads, and hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1991; 20:619-644.
(56) Barkan AL, Kelch RP, Marshall JC. Isolated gonadotrope failure in the polyglandular autoimmune syndrome. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:1535-1540.
(57) Hanahan D. Peripheral-antigen-expressing cells in thymic medulla: factors in self- tolerance and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 1998; 10(6):656-662.
(58) Heath VL, Moore NC, Parnell SM, Mason DW. Intrathymic expression of genes involved in organ specific autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 1998; 11(4):309-318.
(59) Vafiadis P, Bennett ST, Todd JA, Nadeau J, Grabs R, Goodyer CG et al. Insulin expression in human thymus is modulated by INS VNTR alleles at the IDDM2 locus. Nat Genet 1997; 15:289-292.
(60) Pugliese A, Zeller M, Fernandez A, Zalcberg LJ, Bartlett RJ, Ricordi C et al. The insulin gene is transcribed in the human thymus and transcription levels correlate with allelic variation at the INS VNTR-IDDM2 susceptibility locus for type I diabetes. Nat Genet 1997; 15:293-297.
(61) Chentoufi AA, Polychronakos C. Insulin expression levels in the thymus modulate insulin-specific autoreactive T-cell tolerance: the mechanism by which the IDDM2 locus may predispose to diabetes. diab 2002; 51(5):1383-1390.
(62) Pugliese A, Miceli D. The insulin gene in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2002; 18(1):13-25.
(63) Pugliese A. Peripheral antigen-expressing cells and autoimmunity. 2002: 411-30, viii.
(64) Anderson MS, Venanzi ES, Klein L, Chen Z, Berzins S, Turley SJ et al. Projection of an Immunological Self-Shadow Within the Thymus by the Aire Protein. Science 2002; 298(5597):1395-1401.
(65) Moriyama H, Abiru N., Paronen J, Sikora K, Liu E, Miao D et al. Evidence for a primary islet autoantigen (preproinsulin 1) for insulitis and diabetes in the NOD mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100(18):10376-10381.
(66) Elbein SC, Hoffman MD, Mayorga RA, Barrett KL, Leppert M, Hasstedt S. Do non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) share genetic susceptibility loci? An analysis of putative IDDM susceptibility regions in familial NIDDM. metab 1997; 46(1):48-52.
(67) Pugliese A, Brown D, Garza D, Zeller M, Redondo MJ, Eisenbarth GS et al. Self-Antigen Presenting Cells Expressing Islet Cell Molecules in Human Thymus and Peripheral Lymphoid Organs: Phenotypic Characterization and Implications for Immunological Tolerance and Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Invest 2001; 107(5):555-564.
(68) Soderbergh A, Rorsman F, Halonen M, Ekwall O, Bjorses P, Kampe O et al. Autoantibodies against aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase identifies a subgroup of patients with Addison's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85(1):460-463.
(69) Gylling M, Tuomi T, Bjorses P, Kontiainen S, Partanen J, Christie MR et al. ss-Cell Autoantibodies, Human Leukocyte Antigen II Alleles, and Type 1 Diabetes in Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85(12):4434-4440.
(70) Ekwall O, Hedstrand H, Haavik J, Perheentupa J, Betterle C, Gustafsson J et al. Pteridin-dependent hydroxylases as autoantigens in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85(8):2944-2950.
(71) Perniola R, Falorni A, Clemente MG, Forini F, Accogli E, Lobreglio G. Organ-specific and non-organ-specific autoantibodies in children and young adults with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). Eur J Endocrinol 2000; 143(4):497-503.
(72) Perheentupa J. APS-I/APECED: The clinical disease and therapy. In: Eisenbarth GS, editor. Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 2002: 295-320.
(73) An autoimmune disease, APECED, caused by mutations in a novel gene featuring two PHD-type zinc-finger domains. The Finnish-German APECED Consortium. Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy. Nat Genet 1997; 17(4):399-403.
(74) Walker DA, Davies M. Addison's disease presenting as a hypercalcemic crisis in a patient with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1981; 14(4):419-423.
(75) Ahonen P, Myllarniemi S, Kahanpaa A, Perheentupa J. Ketoconazole is effective against the chronic mucocutaneous candidosis of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidosis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). Acta Med Scand 1986; 220(4):333-339.
(76) Starzyk J, Kumorowicz-Kopiec M, Kowalczyk M, Starzyk B, Rybakowa M, Dziatkowiak H. Natural history of asplenism in APECED--patient report. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2001; 14(4):443-449.
Reference List
(1) Ahonen P, Myllarniemi S, Sipila I, Perheentupa J. Clinical variation of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy - candidiasis - ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) in a series of 68 patients. N Engl J Med 1990; 322(26):1829-1836.
(2) Schmidt MB. Eine biglandulare Erkrankung (Nebennieren und Schilddruse) bei Morbus Addisonii. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 1926; 21:212-221.
(3) Nerup J. Addison's disease - clinical studies: A report of 108 cases. Acta Endocrinol 1974; 76:127-141.
(4) Patel DD. Escape from tolerance in the human X-linked autoimmunity-allergic disregulation syndrome and the Scurfy mouse. J Clin Invest 2001; 107(2):155-157.
(5) Flier JS, Kahn CR, Roth J, Bar RS. Antibodies that impair insulin receptor binding in an unusual diabetic syndrome with severe insulin resistance. Science 1975; 190:63-65.
(6) Flier JS, Bar RS, Muggeo M, Kahn CR, Roth J, Gorden P. The evolving clinical course of patients with insulin receptor autoantibodies: Spontaneous remission or receptor proliferation with hypoglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978; 47:985-995.
(7) Souadjian JV, Enriquez P, Silverstein MN, Pepin J-M. The spectrum of diseases associated with thymoma. Arch Intern Med 1974; 134:374-379.
(8) Combs RM. Malignant thymoma, hyperthyroidism and immune disorder. South Med J 1968; 61:337-341.
(9) Maggi G, Casadio C, Cavallo A, Cianci R, Molinatti M, Ruffini E. Thymoma: results of 241 operated cases. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51:152-156.
(10) Hirata Y, Ishizu H, Ouchi N, Motumura S, Abe M, Hara Y et al. Insulin autoimmunity in a case with spontaneous hypoglycaemia. Japan J Diabetes 1970; 13:312-319.
(11) Uchigata Y, Hirata Y. Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome (IAS, Hirata Disease). In: Eisenbarth G, editor. Molecular Mechanisms of Endocrine and Organ Specific Autoimmunity. Austin, Texas: R.G.Landes, 1999: 133-148.
(12) Imawari M, Akatsuka N, Ishibashi M, Beppu H, Suzuki H, Yoshitoshi Y. Syndrome of plasma cell dyscrasia, polyneuropathy, and endocrine disturbances. Ann Intern Med 1974; 81:490-493.
(13) Miralles GD, O'Fallon JR, Talley NJ. Plasma-cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy: the spectrum of POEMS syndrome. N Engl J Med 1992; 327(27):1919-1923.
(14) Eisenbarth GS, Wilson P, Ward F, Lebovitz HE. HLA type and occurrence of disease in familial polyglandular failure. N Engl J Med 1978; 298(2):92-94.
(15) Ekwall O, Sjoberg K, Mirakian R, Rorsman F, Kampe O. Tryptophan hydroxylase autoantibodies and intestinal disease in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 [letter]. Lancet 1999; 354(9178):568.
(16) Garty BZ, Kauli R. Alopecia universalis in autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I. West J Med 1990; 152:76-77.
(17) Ahonen P, Miettinen A, Perheentupa J. Adrenal and steroidal cell antibodies in patients with autoimmune polyglandular disease type I and risk of adrenocortical and ovarian failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64(3):494-500.
(18) Mandel M, Etzioni A, Theodor R, Passwell JH. Pure red cell hypoplasia associated with polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type I. Isr J Med Sci 1989; 25:138-141.
(19) Hara T, Mizuno Y, Nagata M, Okabe Y, Taniguchi S, Harada M et al. Human gamma delta T-cell receptor-positive cell-mediated inhibition of erythropoiesis in vitro in a patient with type I autoimmune polyglandular syndrome and pure red blood cell aplasia. Blood 1990; 75:941-950.
(20) Friedman TC, Thomas PM, Fleisher TA, Feuillan P, Parker RI, Cassorla F et al. Frequent occurrence of asplenism and cholelithiasis in patients with autoimmune polyglandular disease type I. Am J Med 1991; 91:625-630.
(21) Hogenauer C, Meyer RL, Netto GJ, Bell D, Little KH, Ferries L et al. Malabsorption due to cholecystokinin deficiency in a patient with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I. N Engl J Med 2001; 344(4):270-274.
(22) Gianani R, Eisenbarth GS. Autoimmunity to gastrointestinal endocrine cells in Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type I. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88(4):1442-1444.
(23) Kumar PG, Laloraya M, She JX. Population genetics and functions of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE). Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2002; 31(2):321-38, vi.
(24) Aaltonen J, Björses P, Sandkuijl L, Perheentupa J, Peltonen L. An autosomal locus causing autoimmune disease: autoimmune polyglandular disease type I assigned to chromosome 21. Nat Genet 1994; 8(1):83-87.
(25) Aaltonen J, Björses P, Perheentupa J, Horelli-Kuitunen N, Palotie A, Peltonen L et al. An autoimmune disease, APECED, caused by mutations in a novel gene featuring two PHD-type zinc-finger domains. Nat Genet 1997; 17(4):399-403.
(26) Myhre AG, Halonen M, Eskelin P, Ekwall O, Hedstrand H, Rorsman F et al. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS I) in Norway. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001; 54(2):211-217.
(27) Cavadini P, Vermi W, Facchetti F, Fontana S, Nagafuchi S, Mazzolari E et al. AIRE deficiency in thymus of 2 patients with Omenn syndrome. J Clin Invest 2005; 115(3):728-732.
(28) Halonen M, Eskelin P, Myhre AG, Perheentupa J, Husebye ES, Kampe O et al. AIRE Mutations and Human Leukocyte Antigen Genotypes as Determinants of the Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy Phenotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87(6):2568-2574.
(29) Ramsey C, Winqvist O, Puhakka L, Halonen M, Moro A, Kampe O et al. Aire deficient mice develop multiple features of APECED phenotype and show altered immune response. Hum Mol Genet 2002; 11(4):397-409.
(30) Anderson MS, Venanzi ES, Klein L, Chen Z, Berzins S, Turley SJ et al. Projection of an Immunological Self-Shadow Within the Thymus by the Aire Protein. Science 2002; 298(5597):1395-1401.
(31) Anderson MS, Venanzi ES, Klein L, Chen Z, Berzins S, Turley SJ et al. Projection of an Immunological Self-Shadow Within the Thymus by the Aire Protein. Science 2002; 298(5597):1395-1401.
(32) Perheentupa J, Miettinen A. Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy. In: Eisenbarth GS, editor. Endocrine and Organ Specific Autoimmunity. Austin: R.G. Landes Company, 1999: 19-40.
(33) De Bellis A, Bizzarro A, Rossi R, Amoresano Paglionico V, Criscuolo T, Lombardi G et al. Remission of subclinical adrenocortical failure in subjects with adrenal autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76:1002-1007.
(34) Clemente MG, Obermayer-Straub P, Meloni A, Strassburg CP, Arangino V, Tukey RH et al. Cytochrome P450 1A2 is a hepatic autoantigen in autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82(5):1353-1361.
(35) Radetti G, Paganini C, Gentili L, Bernasconi S, Beterle C, Borkenstein M et al. Frequency of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 1995; 32:121-124.
(36) Landin-Olsson M, Karlsson FA, Lernmark Å, Sundkvist G, and the Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden Group. Islet cell and thyrogastric antibodies in 633 consecutive 15- to 34-yr-old patients in the diabetes incidence study in Sweden. diab 1992; 41:1022-1027.
(37) Fairfax AJ, Leatham A. Idiopathic heart block: association with vitiligo, thyroid disease, pernicious anemia, and diabetes mellitus. BMJ 1975; 4(5992):322-324.
(38) Davis RE, VcCann VJ, Stanton KG. Type 1 diabetes and latent pernicious anaemia. Med J Aust 1992; 156(3):160-162.
(39) Peserico A, Rigon F, Semsenzato G, Caretto A, Pasini CV, Betterle C. Vitiligo and polyglandular autoimmune disease with autoantibodies to melanin-producing cells. A new syndrome? Arch Dermatol 1981; 117(11):751-752.
(40) Betterle C, Caretto A, Pedini B, Rigon F, Bertoli P, Peserico A. Complement-fixing activity to melanin-producing cells preceding the onset of vitiligo in a patient with type I polyglandular failure. Arch Dermatol 1995; 128:123-124.
(41) Torrelo A, España A, Balsa J, Ledo A. Vitiligo and polyglandular autoimmune syndrome with selective IgA deficiency. Int J Dermatol 1992; 31(5):343-344.
(42) Stankler L, Bewsher PD. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis endocrine deficiency and alopecia areata. Br J Dermatol 1972; 86(3):238-245.
(43) Hedstrand H, Perheentupa J, Ekwall O, Gustafsson J, Michaelsson G, Husebye E et al. Antibodies against hair follicles are associated with alopecia totalis in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113(6):1054-1058.
(44) Bosch EP, Reith PE, Granner DK. Myasthenia gravis and Schmidt syndrome. Semin Neurol 1994; 27:1179-1180.
(45) Marino M, Ricciardi R, Pinchera A, Barbesino G, Manetti L, Chiovato L et al. Mild clinical expression of myasthenia gravis associated with autoimmune thyroid diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82(2):438-443.
(46) Collin P, Salmi J, Hällström O, Reunala T, Pasternack A. Autoimmune thyroid disorders and coeliac disease. Eur J Endocrinol 1994; 130:137-140.
(47) Reijonen H, Ilonen J, Knip M, Reunala T. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus associated with dermatitis herpetiformis: evidence for heterogeneity of HLA-associated genes. Tissue Antigens 1991; 37:94-96.
(48) Reunala T, Salmi J, Karvonen J. Dermatitis herpetiformis and celiac disease associated with Addison's disease. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123:930-932.
(49) Tucker WSJr, Niblack GD, McLean RH, Alspaugh MA, Wyatt RJ, Jordan SC et al. Serositis with autoimmune endocrinopathy: clinical and immunogenetic features. Medicine 1987; 66(2):138-147.
(50) Merenmies L, Tarkkanen A. Chronic bilateral keratitis in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiadis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). A long-term follow-up and visual prognosis [In Process Citation]. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2000; 78(5):532-535.
(51) Turkington RW, Lebovitz HE. Extra-adrenal endocrine deficiencies in Addison's disease. Am J Med 1967; 43:499-507.
(52) Solimena M, Folli F, Aparisi R, Pozza G, De Camilli P. Autoantibodies to GABA-ergic neurons and pancreatic beta cells in stiff-man syndrome. N Engl J Med 1990; 322(22):1555-1560.
(53) Selinger S, Tsai J, Pulini M, Saperstein A, Taylor S. Autoimmune thrombocytopenia and primary billary cirrhosis with hypoglycemia and insulin receptor autoantibodies. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107:686-688.
(54) Rhim SH, Millar SE, Robey F, Luo AM, Lou YH, Yule T et al. Autoimmune disease of the ovary induced by a ZP3 peptide from the mouse zona pellucida. J Clin Invest 1992; 89:28-35.
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