Clinical History:

In 1948, a 5-year-old child complained of pain in his right foot and ankle.  Examination showed a red, swollen, tender joint.  The history was significant for a "sore throat" a couple of weeks before, which had resolved. Examination also showed a pericardial friction rub and some heart murmurs.  No neurological findings were present.

If this child had died during the acute episode, typical autopsy findings are represented in Figure 1 and Figure 2Figure 1 shows a characteristic histologic finding in the myocardium.  Figure 2 shows the pericardial space.

Questions:

1. Name the myocardial lesion. What is the leading theory for the cause of the injury to the heart?  How does this differ from the mechanism thought to be involved in the glomerulonephritis that can be associated with infection by the same organism (beta-hemolytic streptococcus)?

2. Does the pericardial lesion account for the friction rub?  What other diseases commonly cause such a finding?

3. What criteria are used clinically to make a diagnosis in this kind of case?

4. This child, however, got well and had no further problems except that he was maintained on penicillin for many years and heart murmur was noted on routine physicals. Still to this day, his dentist won't fill a cavity without placing him back on antibiotics.  Why?

5. At age 40 the patient developed progressive left heart failure.  Prior to the 1960s, this patient probably would have gradually succumbed to this problem.  Figure 3 shows what could have been found at autopsy.  Describe what you see.

6. This patient had a valve prosthesis surgically implanted.  Is the patient's risk of infectious endocarditis definitely reduced at last?

7. Is this a typical history for this disease?  How does one distinguish rheumatic valvular disease from other chronic causes of valve deformity?

8. Is this still a common scenario (i.e. new cases of acute rheumatic fever)?

ANSWERS

  

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