William J. Betz, Ph.D.

Professor and Chairman
Department of Physiology and Biophysics
MS 3601. Campus box C-240. Tel (303) 315-8946. Fax (303) 315-8110.
Email bill.betz@UCHSC.edu

• Undergraduate: Washington University, St. Louis, MO (1961-1964).
  
• Medical: Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO (1964-66; B.S. 1965).
  
• Graduate: Yale University, New Haven CT (1966-69; Ph.D. Physiology, 1969)
  
• Postdoctoral: University College London, England (1969-71; Dept. of Biophysics; B. Katz, sponsor).
  

CONTENTS

• Department of Physiology, University of Colorado Medical School: Assistant Professor (1971-77), Associate Professor (1977-84), Professor (1984-present), Chairman (1993-present).
  

CONTENTS

• U.S. Public Health Service Postdoctoral Fellowship, 1969-71
  
• Teaching awards: Kaiser Permanente Teaching Award, nominee (1979, 1984, 1985, 1987); Minority student teaching award, nominee (1983); Excellence in Teaching Award (first year medical class: 1983, 1986, 1988, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998).
  
• NIH Neurology B Study Section: Regular member 1984-87; Chairman, 1987-89.
• Alexander von Humboldt Senior Scientist Award (1993-94).
  
• IBRO (International Brain Research Organization) Lecturer, 1994 (Chile, Venezuela); 1995 (India)
  
• Jonathon Magnes Lecturer, Hebrew University, Jerusalem; 1998.
• John Simon Guggenheim Fellow; 2000-2001
  

CONTENTS

• Principles of Mammalian Physiology (Phys 5000; ~130 medical students) Section on Cell Physiology (~12 lectures, laboratory (~6 hrs, 8 sessions)) 1972-1997; course director, 1986-1989.
  
• Cell & Molecular Biology. (IDPT 7800; ~35 students) Exocytosis, endocytosis and synaptic vesicle recycling. 1998.
  
• Cellular Neurobiology. (IDPT 7613; ~8 students) Membrane potential, action potential, computer lab (4-9 class hours plus lab) 1978-1991; course director, 1978-90
  
• Dental School Physiology (Phys 508; ~35 students) Cellular physiology (6-8 hours) 1978-present.
• Neurobiology 5004. Sections on action potential, nerve-muscle synapses, visual system plasticity taught various years, 1974-89.
  
• Laboratory Methods in Neuroscience. (IDPT 7656; ~10 students) Synaptic transmission lab; course organizer and director, 1989-92, participant 1989-1997.
  
• HCOP (Health Career Opportunity Program). Introduction to Medical Science; 2-8 lecture/discussion contact hours per year; ad hoc 1982-1992.
  
• Cellular Neurobiology. (Boulder campus). A course for advanced undergraduates and graduate students; 6-10 lectures, 1977-1987; course director 1984, 1986.
  
• SEEK program, for rural high school students interested in careers in medicine, 1/2 day, 1993.
  

CONTENTS

• NIH RO1 NS 23466: Research grant; 2001-2005; W. Betz, P.I.
  
• NIH RO1 NS 36665: Research grant; 2001-2005; W. Betz, P.I.
  
• Muscular Dystrophy Association, Research Grant; 2003-2006; W. Betz, P.I.
  
• NIH Shared Instrumentation Grant; 2002-2003; W. Betz, P.I.
  
• NIH Training Grant; 2000-2005; W. Betz P.I.
  

CONTENTS

Medical School
Long Range Planning Committee; Chairman, Subcommittee on Research Planning, 1977. Admissions Committee, 1979-81. Subcommitte on minority student admissions, 1980-81. Faculty promotion committees (ad hoc, 1977-present). Graduate student comprehensive examination committees (ad hoc, 1974-present). Graduate student Ph.D. thesis examination committees (ad hoc, 1975-present). Personnel Affairs Committee, 1982-84. Curriculum Review Committee, 1984-85, 1990-91. Basic Science Review Committee, 1984 Steering Committee, Center of Excellence in Neuroscience Planning Committee, 1984. Futures Committee, UCD Graduate school, 1985. Advisory Committee, C.U. Medical School Neuroscience Program, 1985-93. Planning & Fiscal Policy Committee, 1986-87. Graduate School Curriculum Committee, 1986-93. Pharmacology Chair Search Committee, 1989. Faculty Promotions Committee, 1990-93. Curriculum Committee, 1992-93. Chair, Immunology Chair Search Committee, 1996-97.

University
Steering Committee, "Frontiers in Medicine" Colloquium, November, 1983. Steering committee, Neuroscience Review Committee, Boulder campus, 1983. Steering Committee, Rocky Mountain Region Neuroscience Group, 1981-83.

Other
NIH Neurology B Study Section: Regular member 1984-87; Chairman, 1987-89. Chairman, advisory committee for NIH National Facility for Vibrating Microelectrode, Woods Hole, MA. (1982-86). Ad hoc member, NIH study sections: Shared Instrumentation Grants, 1989, 1992; NRSA Fellowships, 1996; Neuroscience Program Review, 1997. Ad hoc member, MDA Scientific Review Panel, 1982. Ad hoc journal reviewer: J. Physiol., J. Gen. Physiol., J. Neuroscience, J. Neurobiology, Science, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA; Nature, Neuron. Ad hoc grant reviewer: NSF, MDA, Human Frontiers Science Project, MRC Canada, Wellcome Trust. Swiss National Foundation, von Humboldt Society. External reviewer, Dept. of Physiology, Univ. of Minnesota School of Medicine, 1997. External reviewer, Dept. of Physiology, Univ. of North Carolina School of Medicine, 1997. Program Committee 1999 meeting (Jerusalem), International Brain Research Organization

CONTENTS

• Anne Bekoff, Ph.D. Postdoctoral Fellow, 1976-77.
• Molly Osborne, Predoctoral Fellow, Ph.D. 1977.
• J.H. Caldwell, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, 1977-80.
• Richard Ribchester, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, 1977-80.
• Ross Gundersen, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, 1981-82.
• S.C. Kinnamon, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, 1981-12/84.
• G.L. Harris, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, 1981-85.
• Susan Chamberlain, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, 1986-87.
• R. David Heathcote, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, 1985-88.
• Michael Chua, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, 1986-89.
• Richard DeGrandchamp, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, 1988-89.
• Robert Roden, Graduate Student, M.S. 1990.
• Guy Bewick, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, 1988-91.
• Evanna Gleason, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, 1992-93
• Andreas Henkel, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, 10/92-9/95.
• Camille Keene, M.D., Neurology Postdoctoral Fellow, 7/93-1/94.
• Corey Smith, Predoctoral student, 1992-1996.
• Ling-Gang Wu, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, 9/94-6/96.
• Joseph Angleson, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, 5/95- 3/99.
• Gordan Kilic, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, 9/96-12/99.
• Ute Becherer, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, 3/97-10/99.
• Cristina Guatimosim, Visiting Graduate Student, 5/98-10/99.
• Amanda Cochilla, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, 9/97-7/00.
• David Richards, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Fellow, 11/97-3/01.
• Christina Rapp, MSTP Predoctoral Student, 9/00-12/01.
• Audrey Brumback, MSTP Predoctoral Student, 9/01-12/03 .
• Silvio Rizzoli, Predoctoral Student, 7/01-8/04 .
• Leah Carbonneau, PhD, Postdoctoral Fellow, 5/05- .
• Joseph Johnson, PhD, Postdoctoral Fellow, 6/04-6/07 .
• Michael Gaffield, Predoctoral Student, 6/04-8/07 .

CONTENTS

Invited Presentations 1992

• Dept. Biology, Columbia Univ., New York
• Dept. Cell Biology, Yale Univ., New Haven
• Depts. Stomatology & Physiology, Univ. Cal. San Francisco
• Dept. Physiology, Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem
• Dept. Cellular Physiology, Max-Planck Institute, Heidelberg
• Dept. Biophysics, Max-Planck Institute, Gˆttingen
• Ceccarelli Neuroscience Center, Univ. Milan
• Neuroscience Program, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing
• GIF Symposium in Neuroscience, Paris
• Neuroscience Program, Univ. of Chicago

Invited Presentations 1993

• Dept. Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
• Neuroscience Program, Univ. California San Francisco
• Dept. Physiology, Univ. Utah
• Dept. Physiology Chair search, Univ. Colorado Medical School, Denver
• Summer course, Cold Spring Harbor Labs
• Neuroscience Program, Univ. Cal. Berkeley
• Dept. Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Univ. of North Carolina

Invited Presentations 1994

• Neuroscience Program, Univ. Strasbourg
• Dept. Biophysics, Max-Planck Institute, Gˆttingen
• Symposium on Biomedical Optics, Los Angeles
• Dept. Molecular Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute, Heidelberg
• Symposium on Synaptic Plasticity, Keystone
• Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, T¸bingen
• Foreign Guest, The Physiological Society, Bristol
• European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg
• Dept. Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington Univ. Medical School
• Dept. Physiology, Emory Univ. Medical School
• European Congress of Cell Biology, Prague
• Dept. of Pharmacology, Biozentrum, Basel
• Chilean Society of Biology, Puyehue
• Dept. Physiology, University of Santiago (2x)
• Venezuelan Institute of Science (IVIC), Caracas (2x)

Invited Presentations 1995

• Symposium on optical methodologies, Napa
• Symposium on the cholinergic synapse, Mainz
• Max-Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt
• International Society for Neurochemistry Symposium, Kyoto
• IBRO World Congress, Kyoto
• Summer course, Woods Hole Marine Biology Laboratories
• Gordon Conference on Neural Plasticity, NH
• Summer course, Cold Spring Harbor Labs
• Clinical Scholars Program (CU Pediatrics), Aspen (2x)
• Neuroscience Symposium, Univ. Southern California, Los Angeles
• Dept. Cell Biology, Yale Univ., New Haven
• Presynaptic regulation of neurotransmission Symposium, San Diego
• Dept. of Physiology, Bristol Univ. Medical School
• IBRO Lecturer (Bombay (3x), Bangalore (3x))

Invited Presentations 1996

• Department of Neuroscience, Duke Univ.
• Dept. Biology, Univ. Massachusetts
• Dept. Anatomy & Neurobiology, Univ. Vermont Medical School
• Dept. of Physiology and Neurobiology, Northwestern Univ.
• Neuroscience Program, Univ. of Chicago
• Dept. Pharmacology, Univ. Colorado
• Summer course, Cold Spring Harbor Labs, NY
• Dow Neurological Institute, Portland
• Dept. of Physiology & Biophysics, Univ. Texas Medical Branch, Galveston

Invited Presentations 1997

• Depts. of Pharmacology & Physiology, Univ. Texas Houston
• Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle
• Internat'l Symposium on Biomedical Optics, San Jose
• Dept. of Physiology, University College London
• Signal Transduction Training Group, Iowa State Univ., Ames
• Summer course, "Imaging structure and function in the nervous system", Cold Spring Harbor Labs, NY
• Department of Physiology, Medical University of South Carolina
• Neuroscience Program, UCLA
• Symposium organizer: "Optical imaging of presynaptic function", Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans
• Department of Physiology, Bristol University, UK
• Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC, Cambridge University, UK
• Workshop on Ion channels and regulation of synaptic activity, Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem

Invited Presentations 1998

• Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Medical School
• Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University
• Neuroscience Program, UCSD, LaJolla
• Symposium on Biological Applications of Confocal Microscopy, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
• Jacques Monod Conference, LaLonde-les-Maures, France
• Symposium on The Chemical Synapse, Montreal
• European Neuroscience Meeting, Berlin
• Ceccarelli Neuroscience Meeting, Milan
• Cold Spring Harbor Course, "Imaging structure and function in the nervous system"
• Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas
• Van der Kloot Symposium, SUNY Stony Brook
• Jonathon Magnes Lecturer, Hebrew University, Jerusalem
• Department of Physiology, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem

Invited Presentations 1999

• Division of Endocrinology, Dept. of Medicine, University of Colorado Medical School
• Neuroscience Program, University of Arizona, Tucson
• Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven
• Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago
• Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh
• Department of Biology, Oberlin College
• Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania
• Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University
• Summer course, "Imaging structure and function in the nervous system", Cold Spring Harbor Labs, NY
• Institute of Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Medical College of Georgia

Invited Presentations 2000

• Dept. of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine
• Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto
• Dept. of Cell & Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina
• Grass Lecturer, University of Missouri, Columbia
• Neurobiology Division, University of California, Berkeley
• Div. of Gastroenterology, Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of Colorado Med. School
• Juan March Symposium on Regulated Exocytosis, Madrid
• Neuroscience Program, University of California, San Francisco
• "Cell Biology of the Neuron", Gordon Conference, Plymouth NH
• Summer course, "Imaging structure and function in the nervous system", Cold Spring Harbor Labs, NY
• Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen
• Ricardo Miledi Symposium, Rome
• Vollum Institute, Portland, OR
• Titisee Conference on Membrane Fusion, Freiburg
• Biophysics Program, Cornell University, Ithaca

Invited Presentations 2001

• Workshop on Secretion, IVIC (Venezuelan Inst. of Science), Caracas
• Department of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh
• Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University
• Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut
• Summer course, "Imaging structure and function in the nervous system", Cold Spring Harbor Labs, NY
• Summer course, "Neurobiology", Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA
• Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
• Neuroscience Program, University of California, San Diego
• Neuroscience Seminar Program, NINDS, National Institutes of Health

Invited Presentations 2002

• Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Southern California
• Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Miami Medical School
• Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School
• Department of Physiology, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem
• Summer course, "Imaging structure and function in the nervous system", Cold Spring Harbor Labs, NY
• Gordon Research Conference on Synaptic Transmission

Invited Presentations 2003

• Department of Physiology, Emory University
• "Exocytosis from Neurons" Symposium, Freiburg
• Summer course, "Imaging structure and function in the nervous system", Cold Spring Harbor Labs, NY
• "Synaptic transmission: from molecules to circuits" Titisee Conference, Germany
• Department of Physiology, Tokyo University
• "Molecular Mechanism of Vesicle Trafficking and Membrane Fusion" Symposium, Gunma University

Invited Presentations 2004

• Biophysical Society Exo- Endocytosis Subgroup Meeting, Baltimore
• Gordon Conference ‘Cell Biology of the Neuron’, New London, NH
• Summer course, ‘Fluorescence Microscopy’, IVIC, Caracas
• Summer course, "Imaging structure and function in the nervous system", Cold Spring Harbor Labs, NY
• Department of Pharmacoogy, University College London
• Center for Basic Neuroscience, U. Texas Southwestern

Invited Presentations 2005

• Department of Biochemistry, Colorado State University
• Symposium: "Decoding Nature: Hierarchy of Interactions"; Molecular Biology Program, University of Göttingen
• Summer course, "Imaging structure and function in the nervous system", Cold Spring Harbor Labs, NY
• Workshop, "Imaging synapses from individual molecules to brain circuits", Baeza, Spain
• Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University

Invited Presentations 2006

• Department of Physiology, University of Seville
• Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University
• Summer course, "Imaging structure and function in the nervous system", Cold Spring Harbor Labs, NY

Invited Presentations 2007

• Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University
• Biophysical Society Meeting, Baltimore (Bernard Katz Awardee)
• “Synaptic Transmissions” Workshop, Max Planck Institute for Biomedical Research, Heidelberg
• Summer course, "Imaging structure and function in the nervous system", Cold Spring Harbor Labs, NY

Invited Presentations 2008

Workshop on exocytosis, Ljubljiana, Slovenia.

CONTENTS

• Betz, W.J. (1970). Depression of transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction of the frog. J. Physiol. 206: 666-680.
  
• Auerbach, A. & Betz, W.J. (1971). Does curare affect transmitter release? J. Physiol. 213: 691-706.
  
• Betz, W.J. & Sakmann, B. (1971). "Disjunction" of frog neuromuscular synapses by treatment with proteolytic enzymes. Nature New Biol. 232: 94-95.
  
• Betz, W.J. & Sakmann, B. (1973). Effects of proteolytic enzymes on synaptic structure and function. J. Physiol. 230: 673-688.
  
• Betz, W.J. (1976). The formation of synapses between chick embryo skeletal muscle and ciliary ganglion grown in vitro. J. Physiol. 254: 63-74.
  
• Betz, W.J. (1976). Functional and nonfunctional contacts between ciliary neurons and muscle grown in vitro. J. Physiol. 254: 75-86.
  
• Bekoff, A. & Betz, W.J. (1977). Formation of acetylcholine hot spots on muscle fibers cultured from aneural limb buds. Science 193: 915-917.
  
• Betz, W.J. & Osborne, M. (1977). Effects of innervation on acetylcholine sensitivity of developing muscle in vitro. J. Physiol. 270: 75-88.
  
• Bekoff, A. & Betz, W.J. (1977). Physiological properties of dissociated muscle fibres obtained from normal and denervated adult rat muscle. J. Physiol. 271: 25-40.
  
• Bekoff, A. & Betz, W.J. (1977) Properties of isolated adult muscle fibres maintained in cell culture. J. Physiol. 271: 537-547.
  
• Betz, W.J., Caldwell, J.H., & Ribchester, R.R. (1980).The size of motor units during postnatal development of rat lumbrical muscle. J. Physiol. 297: 463-478.
  
• Betz, W.J., Caldwell, J.H., & Ribchester, R.R. (1980). The effects of partial denervation at birth on the development of muscle fibres and motor units in rat lumbrical muscle. J. Physiol. 303: 265-279.
  
• Betz, W.J., Caldwell, J.H., & Ribchester, R.R. (1980).Sprouting of active nerve terminals in partially inactive muscles of the rat. J. Physiol. 303: 281-297.
  
• Betz, W.J., Caldwell, J.H., Ribchester, R.R., Robinson, K.R., & Stump, R.F. (1980). Endogenous electric field around muscle fibres depends on the Na/K pump. Nature 287: 235-237.
  
• Betz, W.J., Caldwell, J.H., Harris, G.H., & Kinnamon, S.C. (1984). Properties of a steady electric current generated at rat lumbrical muscle end plates. In Neuronal Growth and Plasticity. M. Kuno, Ed. Univ. of Tokyo Press.
  
• Betz, W.J. & Caldwell, J.H. (1984). Mapping electric currents around skeletal muscle with a vibrating probe. J. Gen. Physiol. 83: 143-156.
  
• Caldwell, J.H. & Betz, W.J. (1984). Properties of an endogenous steady current in rat muscle. J. Gen. Physiol. 83: 157-173.
  
• Betz, W.J., Caldwell, J.H., & Kinnamon, S.C. (1984). Physiological basis of a steady electric current in rat skeletal muscle. J. Gen. Physiol. 83: 175-192.
  
• Betz, W.J., Caldwell, J.H., & Kinnamon, S.C. (1984). Increased sodium conductance in the synaptic region of rat skeletal muscle fibres. J. Physiol. 352: 189-202.
  
• Ridge, R.M.A.P. & Betz, W.J. (1984) The effect of selective, chronic stimulation on motor unit size in developing rat muscle. J. Neurosci. 4: 2614-2620.
  
• Kinnamon, S.C., Betz, W.J. & Caldwell, J.H. (1985). Development of a steady electric current in rat lumbrical muscle. Devel. Biol. 112: 241-247.
  
• Betz, W.J., Caldwell, J.H. & Harris, G.L. (1986). Effects of denervation on a steady electric current generated at rat muscle end plates. J. Physiol. 373: 97-114.
  
• Betz, W.J. (1987). Motoneuron death and synapse elimination in vertebrates, In The Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction, M.M. Salpeter, ed. Alan R. Liss, New York. 117-162.
  
• Betz, W.J. & Harris, G.L. (1987). Evidence for active chloride transport in normal and denervated rat lumbrical muscle. J. Gen. Physiol. 90: 127-144.
  
• Aickin, C.C., Betz, W.J. & Harris, G.L. (1989). Intracellular chloride and the mechanism of its accumulation in rat lumbrical muscle. J. Physiol. 411: 437-455.
  
• Betz, W.J., M. Chua & R.M.A.P. Ridge. (1989). Inhibitory interactions between motoneuron terminals at neonatal rat neuromuscular junctions. J. Physiol. 418: 25-51.

CONTENTS

• Betz, W.J., R.R. Ribchester & R.M.A.P. Ridge. (1990). Competitive mechanisms underlying synapse elimination in the lumbrical muscle of the rat. J. Neurobiol. 21: 1-17.
  
• Chua, M. & W.J. Betz. (1991). Characterization of a non-selective cation channel in the surface membrane of adult rat skeletal muscle. Biophys. J. 59: 1251-1260.
  
• Betz, W.J., F. Mao & G.S. Bewick. (1992). Activity-dependent staining and destaining of living vertebrate motor nerve terminals. J. Neurosci. 12: 363-375. (cover illustration)
  
• Betz, W.J. & G.S. Bewick. (1992). Optical analysis of synaptic vesicle recycling at the frog neuromuscular junction. Science 255: 200-203. (cover illustration)
• Betz, W.J., R.M.A.P. Ridge and G.S. Bewick. (1992). Intracellular movements of fluorescently labeled synaptic vesicles in frog motor nerve terminals during nerve stimulation. Neuron, 9, 805-813.
  
• Betz, W.J. & G.S. Bewick. (1993). Optical and electrophysiological monitoring of transmitter release and synaptic vesicle recycling at the frog neuromuscular junction. J. Physiol. 460, 287-309.
  
• Gates, H.J. and W.J. Betz. (1993). Spatial arrangements of slow muscle fibers and muscle fibers belonging to a single motor unit. Anat. Rec., 236, 381-389.
  
• Betz, W.J., R.M.A.P. Ridge and G.S. Bewick. (1993). Comparison of FM1-43 staining patterns and electrophysiological measures of transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction. J. Physiol. (Paris), 87, 193-201.
  
• Ribchester, R.R. F. Mao and W.J. Betz. (1994). Optical measurements of activity-dependent membrane recycling in motor nerve terminals of mammalian skeletal muscle. Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 255, 61-66.
  
• Betz, W.J. and A. Henkel. (1994). Okadaic acid disrupts clusters of synaptic vesicles in frog motor nerve terminals. J. Cell Biol., 124, 843-854. (cover illustration)
  
• Bewick, G.S. and W.J. Betz. (1995). Illumination partially relieves the postsynaptic blocking action of styryl dyes. Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 258, 201-207.
  
• Henkel, A.W. and W.J. Betz. (1995). Monitoring of black widow spider venom induced exo- and endocytosis in living frog motor nerve terminals with FM1-43. Neuropharmacology 34, 1397-1406.
  
• Henkel, A.W. and W.J. Betz. (1995). Staurosporine blocks release of FM1-43 but not acetylcholine from frog motor nerve terminals. J. Neurosci., 15, 8246-8258.
  
• Betz, W.J. and L.-G. Wu. (1995). Kinetics of synaptic vesicle recycling. Current Biol. 5, 1098-1101.
  
• Henkel, A., J. L¸bke and W.J. Betz. (1996). FM1-43 ultrastructural localization in and release from frog motor nerve terminals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 1918-1923.
  
• Betz, W.J., Mao, F., and Smith, C.B. (1996). Imaging exocytosis and endocytosis. Curr. Opinion in Neurobiol. 6, 365-371.
  
• Smith, C.B. and Betz, W.J. (1996). Simultaneous independent measurement of endo- and exocytosis. Nature, 380, 531-534.
  
• Henkel, A.W., L. Simpson, R.M.A.P. Ridge and W.J. Betz. (1996). Synaptic vesicle mobilization monitored by fluorescence photobleach recovery in living nerve terminals stained with FM1-43. J. Neurosci, 16, 3960-3967.
  
• Henkel, A.W. and W.J. Betz. (1996). Redistribution of clathrin and synaptophysin at the frog neuromuscular junction triggered by nerve stimulation: immunocytochemical studies of vesicle trafficking. Prog. Brain Res., 109, 41-46.
  
• Wu,L.-G. and W.J. Betz. (1996). Nerve activity but not intracellular calcium determines the time course of endocytosis at the frog neuromuscular junction. Neuron, 17, 769-779.
  
• Angleson, J.K. and W.J. Betz (1997). Monitoring secretion in real time: capacitance, amperometry and fluorescence compared. Trends in Neurosci, 20, 281-286 (includes poster).
  
• Betz, W.J. and Angleson, J.K. (1997). Cell secretion: Now you see it, now you don't. [News and Views] Nature, 388, 423-424.
  
Wu, L.-G. and W.J. Betz (1998) Kinetics of synaptic depression and vesicle recycling after tetanic stimulation of frog motor nerve terminals. Biophys. J., 74, 3003-3009.
• Betz, W.J. and Angleson, J.K. (1998) The synaptic vesicle cycle. Ann. Rev. Physiol., 60, 347-363. pdf
• Becherer, U., J.K. Angleson and W.J. Betz (1999) Imaging synaptic vesicle dynamics at the frog neuromuscular junction with the styryl dye FM1-43. In Imaging Living Cells: A Laboratory Manual, R. Yuste, F. Lanni, A. Konnerth, eds. Cold Spring Harbor Press, NY.
• Cochilla, A.J., J.K. Angleson and W.J. Betz (1999) Monitoring secretory membrane with FM1-43 fluorescence. Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 22, 1-10.
• Angleson, J.K., Cochilla, A.J., Kilic, G., Nussinovitch, I., and Betz, W.J. (1999) Dopaminergic control of dense core release from neuroendocrine cells revealed by imaging single exocytic events with FM1-43. Nature Neurosci, 2, 440-6.
• Wu, L.-G. and Betz, W.J. (1999) Spatial variability in release at the frog neuromuscular junction measured with FM1-43. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 77, 672-678.
• Betz, W.J. and Richards, D.A. (2000) What goes out must come in. [News and Views] Nature Neurosci. 3, 636-637.
• Cochilla, A.J., Angleson, J.K., and Betz, W.J. (2000) Differential regulation of granule and granule-to-plasma membrane fusion during secretion from rat pituitary lactotrophs. J. Cell Biol., 150, 839-848.
• Richards, D.A., Guatimosim, C., and Betz, W.J. (2000) Two endocytic recycling routes fill two vesicle pools in frog motor nerve terminals. Neuron, 27, 551-559.
• Kilic, G., Angleson, J.K., Cochilla, A.J., Nussinovitch, I., and Betz, W.J. (2001) Sustained stimulation of exocytosis triggers continuous membrane retrieval in rat pituitary somatotrophs. J. Physiol., 532, 771-83.
• Becherer U., Guatimosim C., and Betz W.J. (2001) Effects of staurosporine on exocytosis and endocytosis at frog motor nerve terminals. J Neurosci. 21, 782-787.
• Angleson J.K., and Betz W.J. (2001) Intraterminal Ca(2+) and spontaneous transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction. J Neurophysiol. 85, 287-294.
• Brumback, A.C., Zorec, R., and Betz, W.J. (2001), Integrins: the missing link. J. Physiol., 530.2, 181 [Perspectives]
• Rizzoli, S.O. and Betz, W.J. (2002) Effects of 2-(4-Morpholinyl)-8-Phenyl-4H-1-Benzopyran-4-One on Synaptic Vesicle Cycling at the Frog Neuromuscular Junction. J. Neurosci. 2002 22,10680-10689.
• Rizzoli, S.O. and Betz, W.J. (2003) All change at the synapse. Nature 423, 591-592. [News and Views]
• Richards, D.A., Guatimosim, C., Rizzoli, S.O., and Betz, W.J. (2003) Synaptic vesicle pools at the frog neuromuscular junction. Neuron 39, 529-541.
• Brumback, A.C., Lieber, J.L., Angleson, J.K., and Betz, W.J. (2004) Using FM1-43 to study neuropeptide granule dynamics and exocytosis, Methods in Enzymology. 33, 287-294.pdf
• Stenovec, M., Kreft, M., Poberaj, I., Milisav, I., Betz, W.J., Zorec, R. (2004) Slow spontaneous secretion from single large dense-core vesicles monitored in neuroendocrine cells. FASEB J., 11, 1270-1272.
• Rizzoli, S.O., Richards, D.A., and Betz, W.J. (2003) Monitoring synaptic vesicle recycling in frog motor nerve terminals with FM dyes. J. Neurocytol., 32, 539-549.pdf
• Richards, D.A., Rizzoli, S.O. and Betz, W.J. (2004) Effects of wortmannin and latrunculin A on slow endocytosis at the frog neuromuscular junction. J. Physiol., 557, 77-91.
• Rizzoli, S.O. and Betz, W.J. (2004) The structural organization of the readily releaseable pool of synaptic vesicles. Science, 203, 2037-2039.pdf
• Rizzoli, S.O., Becherer, U., Angleson, J., and Betz, W.J. (2004) Imaging synaptic vesicle dynamics with styryl dyes, in Imaging Neurons, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, In press.
• Rizzoli, S.O. and Betz, W.J. (2005) Synaptic Vesicle Pools. Nature Rev. Neurosci.. 6, 57-70. (cover illustration) pdf
• Gaffield, M.A., Rizzoli, S.O., and Betz, W.J. (2006). Mobility of synaptic vesicles in different pools in resting and stimulated frog motor nerve terminals. Neuron, 51, 317-325. pdf
• Gaffield, M.A., and Betz, W.J. (2007). Imaging synaptic vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis with FM dyes. Nature Protocols, 1, 2916-2921. pdf
• Tabares, L., Ruiz, R., Linares-Clemente, P., Gaffield, M.A., Alvarez de Toledo, G., Fernandez-Chacón, R., Betz, W.J. (2007). Monitoring synaptic function at the neuromuscular junction of a mouse expressing synaptopHluorin. J. Neurosci., 27, 5422-5430.
• Johnson, J.M., and Betz, W.J. (2007). The color of lactotroph secretory granules stained with FM1-43 depends upon dye concentration. Biophys. J., in press.
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