Bones/Femur Unit LS12/12

Bones/Femur/Begin

[Animation (2-3 seconds): Brief "wowee" animation of femur (blue bones effect), twisting, turning, zooming into view. (Note: LO is to graphically capture/focus student's attention and excite them vs. to each anatomy.) Last image of animation shows three areas of femur highlighted in different colors. Label proximal end, diaphysis, distal end.]

The femur is described as having a proximal end or head, the middle portion or shaft (diaphysis), and a distal portion. By studying these three areas of the femur,you’ll learn about the locations and the functions the femur’s primary anatomical features.

By the end of this unit, you should be able to:

- Locate the features and markings of the femur on its anterior, medial, lateral, and posterior aspects.

- Describe the functions of the features and markings of the femur.

- Identify the features and markings of the femur on a plain film x-ray.

Femur1.0

Black screen

Animation plays as soon as screen is opened. Once it has ended, final image from animation remains.

Bullet icon (small dot?) to go in front of learning objectives (instead of number)

Bones/Femur Unit LS12/12

Bones/Femur/Proximal End Features

Begin your study of the femur by studying the proximal end features. The proximal epiphysis (head) is a ball-like structure that articulates with the coxal (hip) bone. Locate and identify the head. (Click on feature to identify it.)

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

A ligament runs from the coxal bone to the femur, attaching at a pit in the head called the fovea capitis. Locate and identify

the fovea capitis. (Again, click on the feature to identify it.)

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

Hyaline cartilage (the white structure you see) covers the articulating surfaces of the proximal end. This cartilage lubricates the surface and prevents painful bone on bone contact where the femur articulates with the coxal bone.

The head of the femur narrows as it approaches the shaft; this part is called the neck. Locate and identify the neck.

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

Three ridge-like structures are just distal to the neck and provide a site for muscle attachment. The greater trochanter is the most lateral and the lesser trochanter is posteromedial. The intertrochanteric line connects the two along the anterior aspect.

Locate and identify the greater trochanter, the lesser trochanter and the intertrochanteric line.

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

Femur2.0

Change to

IAA relating to head: begin with full view of femur and semi-transparent coxal bone (so you can see through to bone features); zoom in and rotate; then make coxal disappear and rotate (as you already have). Color for coxal bone transparency should match text color for "coxal bone". Same for all other screens in this and future units that would benefit from showing brief initial view of related anatomy.

IAA relating to fovea capitis: same as above, only with related ligament.

IAA relating to trochanters: same as above, only with related muslces.

structure names in text match structure colors in IAAs (color choice above is just a sample; Dave to determine actual structure colors)

When students click on structure's IAAs, specific structure name appears in text field and structure is highlighted in text-matching color (for this and all future screens like it).

Bones/Femur Unit LS12/12

Bones/Femur/Proximal End Features Self-Test

Test your knowledge of proximal end features by examining the anatomy and locating the features listed below. You have three tries to identify each structure; after that, the listed structure will be highlighted for you.

head

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

fovea capitis

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

neck

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

greater trochanter

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

lesser trochanter

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

intertrochanteric line

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

View all highlighted structures.

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

Femur3.0

IAA:

Use existing IAA

Add IAA with all structures highlighted; to appear at the end of the activity.

Feature names presented separately, at first (as in existing IAA). Once students have progressed through entire list, full list is presented with feature name colors matching highlighted feature colors in IAA. Colors should be same as in previous screen.

When students click on correct structure,structure is highlighted (same colors as on previous screen) and specific structure name appears in text field in matching color.

Bones/Femur Unit LS12/12

Bones/Femur/Shaft Features

Continue your study of the femur (right) by examining the features of the diaphysis (shaft). Note that the shaft is bowed anteriorly, altering the position of certain structures as one moves up and down this middle region of the femur.

Many roughened regions of the diaphysis serve as sites for muscle attachment. A pectineus muscle inserts just distal to the lesser trochanter. This site of attachement is called the pectineal line. Locate and identify the pectineal line.

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

A gluteus maximus muscle (most of your buttock) inserts on the gluteal tuberosity. Locate and identify the gluteal tuberosity.

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

Several muscles attach to the femur at a roughened ridge called the linea aspera. Locate and identify the linea aspera.

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

Femur4.0

IAA's:

IAA relating to pectineal line: same as in Femur2.0, only with related muscle highlighted.

IAA relating to gluteal tuberosity: same as in Femur2.0, only with related muscle highlighted.

IAA relating to linea aspera: same as in Femur2.0, only with related muscles highlighted.

structure names in text match structure colors in IAA's (color choice above is just a sample; Dave to determine actual structure colors)

When students click on structure's IAAs, specific structure name appears in text field.

Bones/Femur Unit LS12/12

Bones/Femur/Diaphysis Features Self-Test

Test your knowledge of diaphysis features by examining the anatomy and locating the features listed below. You have three tries to identify each structure; after that, the listed structure will be highlighted for you.

pectineal line

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

gluteal tuberosity

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

linea aspera

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

View all highlighted structures.

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

Femur5.0

IAA:

Use existing IAA

Add IAA with all structures highlighted; to appear at the end of the activity.

Feature names presented separately, at first (as in existing IAA). Once students have progressed through entire list, full list is presented with feature name colors matching highlighted feature colors in IAA. Colors should be same as in previous screen.

When students click on correct structure,structure is highlighted (same colors as on previous screen) and specific structure name appears in text field in matching color.

Bones/Femur Unit LS12/12

Bones/Femur/Distal End Features

Continue your study of the femur (right) by examining the features of the distal end. As in the proximal end, hyaline cartilage (the white lubricating structure) covers and protects the articulating surfaces of bone. On the distal end, it is found where the femur articulates with the tibia and with the patella, (as opposed to the coxal bone on the proximal end).

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

The knee joint is formed (in part) by two rounded condyles that articulate with the tibia. Notice the different sizes of the medial femoral condyle and lateral femoral condyle as well as the different shapes of the tibial plateaus.

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

[The lateral and medial epicondyles (features located on the femoral condyles) serve as a site of attachment for many muslces. The muscle shown in the following anatomy is the gatrocnemius .

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

The adductor magnus muscle inserts on a bony prominence superior to the medial epicondyle. Locate and identify this femoral condyle feature: the adductor tubercle.

The intercondylar fossa is an inferior-posterior depression between the condyles. Many structures including nerves, ligaments, and arteries pass through this groove. Locate and identify the intercondylar surface.

The patella's articulation with the femur also contributes to the formation of the knee joint. This small triangular bone articultes with a depression on the anterior surface of the distal femur. Locate and identify the patellar surface of the femur.

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

Femur6.0

IAA's:

IAA for condyles: Initial view of entire R femur and tibia (semi-transparent). Have dashed line appear indicating line of synovial reflection (see Netter); rotate showing lines of synovial reflection from anterior to posterior. Tibia then disappears, view zooms into condyles; highlight each condyle, matching to text colors. Repeat rotation this time including a view looking up unto the inferior surface of femoral condyles, highlight.

Note: The purpose of this animation is to emphasize the differences in shape of the femoral condyles (by having a bar pass through and condyles resting on a flat surface.)

IAA relating to lateral and medial epicondyles: same as in Femur2.0, only with related muscle highlighted.

IAA relating to adductor tubercle: same as in Femur2.0, only with related muscle highlighted.

IAA relating to intercondylar surface: same as in Femur2.0, only with related nerves, ligaments, arteries highlighted.

structure names in text match structure colors in IAA's (color choice above is just a sample; Dave to determine actual structure colors)

When students click on structure's IAAs, specific structure name appears in text field.

Bones/Femur Unit LS12/12

Bones/Femur/Distal End Features Self-Test

Test your knowledge of diaphysis features by examining the anatomy and locating the features listed below. You have three tries to identify each structure; after that, the listed structure will be highlighted for you.

medial femoral condyle

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

lateral femoral condyle

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

lateral and medial epicondyles

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

the adductor tubercle

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

intercondylar fossa

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

patellar surface

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

View all highlighted structures.

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

You have reached the end of the femur unit. Continue your learning by studying the tibia. Femur7.0

IAA:

Use existing IAA

Add IAA with all structures highlighted; to appear at the end of the activity.

Feature names presented separately, at first (as in existing IAA). Once students have progressed through entire list, full list is presented with feature name colors matching highlighted feature colors in IAA. Colors should be same as in previous screen.

When students click on correct structure,structure is highlighted (same colors as on previous screen) and specific structure name appears in text field in matching color.

Bones/Femur Unit LS12/12

Bones/Femur/Xray Application

Damage to a bone can usually be seen by taking a radiographic image called an x-ray. A radiologist must be able to identify all parts of a healthy bone in order to determine if anything is damaged.

First, identify and name the different structures of the femur seen on these x-rays.

[Graphics: Two x-rays (labeled lateral view and medial view) of a femur with ABCDEF's and arrows for all femur features/structures listed below. One feature/structure is obviously damaged.]

head (abcdef with buttons)

neck (abcdef with buttons)

lesser trochanter (abcdef with buttons)

gluteal tuberosity (abcdef with buttons)

lateral femoral condyle (abcdef with buttons)

the adductor tubercle (abcdef with buttons)

In examining the structures, you'll note that one of the structures is damaged. Can you determine which of the above structures it is? (abcdef with buttons)

Once you have entered all your responses, view the correctly labeled xray.

[Graphic: same as above only with labels.]

You have reached the end of the femur unit. Continue your learning by studying the tibia.

Femur8.0

Black screen

Structure names presented with abcdef list with buttons to identify correct label.

Correctly labeled xray links to labeled xrays graphic only after all responses have been completed.