Bones/Overall Function LS2/15

Bones/Function/Begin

[Animation (2-3 seconds): Brief blue bones animation that shows dynamic action of joint--just bones].

Which of the following statements are true?

A. There is a close relationship between the structure of the knee and how the knee functions.

B. A bone's microscopic structure impacts the function of that bone.

C. The gross features of a bone are closely linked with the anatomic purpose of that bone.

D. The manner in which a bone articulates with other bones impacts the overall function of that joint.

[Graphic: Clear responses.]

[Graphic: Submit responses.]

Funct1.0

Black screen.

Notes: Animation plays as soon as screen is opened. Once it has ended, final image from animation remains.

Questions above are presented with true/false click boxes.

Bones/Overall Function LS2/15

Bones/Function/Begin

All the statements are true. A bone's function is determined at many different levels:

• the organization of osteons and trabeculae,
• the location of compact and spongy bone,
• the shape of the bone,
• the location of muscle and ligament attachments, and
• how the two bones fit together.

[Graphic: View the animation button.]

In this unit you'll learn how each of the factors above effect the overall function and stability of the knee joint.

By the end of this unit, you should be able to:

-describe the relationship between bone anatomy and function.

-compare and contrast the functional anatomy of flat and long bones.

Funct1.1

[Graphic Animation: Start with a view of a single osteon and expand the view to include many osteons, expand into a veiw of longbone showing compact and spongy bone, an entire longbone (tibia?), than add other bones around it, muscle, etc. and end by showing legs walking. The animation should be a fluid, interconnected view from the inside out. If in 3D, image appears in IAA frame, if not, can be placed in text frame.]

Bones/Overall Function LS2/15

Bones/Function/Compare Anatomy and Function

Explore the functional differences between the bones of the skull with the bones of the knee joint. Specifically, compare the differences of the frontal bone of the skull (a flat bone) to that of a femur (a long bone).

Begin your exploration by examining the dramatic differences in shape between the two bones.

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

1. Which bone has an epiphysis?

femur, frontal, both

2. Which bone is better adapted for muscle attachment?

femur, frontal

Next, notice the internal organization of each bone. You'll see that both bones contain compact and spongy bone, but it is arranged very differently.

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

1. Which bone consists of a layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone?

femur, frontal, both

2. Which bone contains yellow bone marrow?

femur, frontal, both

3. Which bone contains red bone marrow?

femur, frontal, both

Based on the differences you noted in external shape and in internal organization,

1. Which bone might be better suited to protect other structures?

femur, frontal

2. Which bone might be better suited to support weight?

femur, frontal

[Graphic: Clear responses.]

[Graphic: Submit responses.]

Funct2.0

The IAA frame needs to be split into two separate, side-by-side (or one on top of the other) frames for these comparisons.

1st Iaa:

Frame1:Start with disarticulated bones of skull and have them fly together to form the skull. Highlight the frontal bone.

Frame 2:Then have disarticulated bones of leg fly together to form a leg next to the skull. Highlight the femur.

2nd Iaa:

Frame1:Start with disarticulated bones of skull and have them fly together to form the skull. Highlight the frontal bone. End with a bisected view of bone beneath the articulated structures.

Frame 2:Then have disarticulated bones of leg fly together to form a leg next to the skull. Highlight the femur. End with a bisected view of bone beneath the articulated structures.

Notes: multiple choice responses presented with click boxes.

Bones/Overall Function LS2/15

Bones/Function/ Compare Anatomy and Function

Long bones such as the femur possess an epiphysis at either end of the diaphysis. Flat bones have no epiphysis or diaphysis.

Long bones also have many roughened areas where muscles and tendons attach. Since long bones are located in more mobile regions of the body, many more muscles are needed for movement--needs editing.

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

Flat bones contain a layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone, whereas long bones... Something about what this does to impact the bone's strength.

Long bones contain a medullary cavity within the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow. During childhood, red bone marrow contained within the medullary cavity becomes dormant and changes into a structure that primarily stores fat. This is what we call yellow bone marrow. During times of severe blood loss or similar crisis in the body, yellow bone marrow can revert and help to produce new blood cells. (This is a lot more detail than the previous summaries--is it necessary? And how is this related to function--the primary learning objective here?)

Both flat and long bones contain red bone marrow within the spongy bone. Red bone marrow produces new blood cells which enter the bloodstream by migrating to the blood vessels permeating the bone. (Again, how is this related to function?)

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

Flat bones, such as the bones of the skull and the ribs, are designed to encase and protect many important structures in the body, such as the brain, heart, and lungs. Both the microscopic organization and the external shape of the flat bone is perfectly suited for this function.

[Graphic: related still graphic?]

In contrast, long bones, such as the femur, are well-designed to support weight and allow movement. They tend to be thicker and larger than flat bones, which makes them more durable. Additionally, a bone's size is directly related to its strength-- the larger the bone, the stronger it is. Again, the anatomy of the femur--both in histological and in gross terms--is well-matched to its function.

[Graphic: related still graphic?]

Funct2.1

Same 2 sets of Iaa's as previous screen only related structures are highlighted to match text.

Bones/Overall Function LS2/15

Bones/Function/ Compare Anatomy and Function

Continue your comparison of the bones of the skull and the bones of the knee as you compare how all of the bones of each region articulate. Palpate these bones on yourself.

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

In a short paragraph, explain the difference in these articulations, and the hypothesize as to the functional importance of those differences. Apply the functional classification terms you learned earlier as you respond to this question. (synarthrosis--immovable, amphiarthrosis--slightly movable, and diarthrosis--freely movable.

[Graphic: Clear responses.]

[Graphic: Submit responses.]

Funct3.0

(Show fully articulated walking skeleton. Skeleton stops, facing forward. Skull falls off and bounces on ground. Zoom in to show close up of knee and skull, side by side.)--sounds cute, but unfortunately, the technology is years away from this kind of complete functionality. I recommend...

The IAA frame needs to be split into two separate, side-by-side (or one on top of the other) frames for these comparisons.

Frame1:Start with disarticulated bones of skull and have them fly together to form the skull.

Frame 2:Then have disarticulated bones of leg fly together to form a leg next to the skull. Slightly flex and extend knee (as much as frame limits will accomodate).

Notes:Questionpresented with short answer text box into which students must type response.

Notes:

Bones/Overall Function LS2/15

Bones/Function/ Compare Anatomy and Function

The flat bones of the skull are tightly held together by a fibrous connective tissue, and have jagged edges that interlock with one another. The results are many synarthroses within the skull.

This construction provides a secure, immovable home for the brain, which can be easily damaged by any movement of the bones of the cranium.

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

In contrast, the synovial joint of the knee is a diarthrosis, or a freely movable joint. The movable nature of this joint joints allows us to squat, stand, walk, run, jump and do a multitude of other tasks.

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

Ovrw3.1

same as above only,

skull IAA: highlights articulations of skull

leg IAA: highlights articulations of knee, and shows movement

Notes:

Bones/Overall Function LS2/15

Bones/Function/ Overall Knee Joint Function

Four basic movements are possible at the knee joint. The major actions are extension and flexion. However, the joint does allow for a small amount of lateral rotation and medial rotation when flexed.

As you explore the anatomy, identify each of the four types of movement of the knee. (You have 2 chances to correctly identify the illustrated function.)

[Graphic: Explore the anatomy button]

extension

flexion

lateral rotation

medial rotation

To further explore the functional anatomy of the knee, it is necessary to learn about the joint capsule and ligament structures. Proceed to the next unit and investigate this next set of structures.

For further learning on xxx, participate in the extension activities for this unit:

Ie: Review extensive website and answer related questions.

Read overview article on xxx and answer related questions.

Or, for further discussion or questions related to your learning on function of knee bones go to Ask the Anatomist.

Ovrw4.0

Four different IAAs to appear one at a time, in succession.

They must correctly choose flexion, extension, medial rotation, or lateral rotation to move to next animation (see notes below text). First animation shows extension

Second animation shows a flexed leg pivoting to show lateral rotation.

Third animation shows flexion. Last animation shows flexed leg pivoting to show medial rotation.

(Again, the previous scripting with full skeletons in motion is not possible at this time. )

Notes: First IAA appears and students are presented with the list of 4 possible movements with click boxes (extension, flexion, lateral rotation, medial rotation) Students have 2 clicks to correctly identify movement. Once they do, correct movement type is appears as highlighted text that blinks once. If they cannot identify movement after 2 clicks, correct text is highlighted for them (with blink).